Stages of embryological and fetal development
The period from week 3 through week 8 of gestation, when all major organ systems form, is known as the:
[a] Fetal period.
[b] Pre-embryonic period.
[c] Embryonic period.
[d] Germinal period.
Where does fertilization of the ovum by the sperm typically occur?
[a] In the uterus.
[b] In the ovary.
[c] In the cervix.
[d] In the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
Which structure is responsible for implanting into the uterine endometrium around day 6-10 after conception?
[a] Zygote.
[b] Blastocyst.
[c] Morula.
[d] Ovum.
The central nervous system, skin, and hair develop from which primary germ layer?
[a] Ectoderm.
[b] Mesoderm.
[c] Endoderm.
[d] Trophoderm.
When does the embryonic heart begin to beat?
[a] Around day 10.
[b] At the end of the first week.
[c] Around day 21-22 (end of week 3).
[d] At the beginning of the fetal period (week 9).
The embryonic period is the most critical stage of development because:
[a] The fetus is gaining the most weight during this time.
[b] Quickening first occurs during this period.
[c] It is the period of organogenesis, making the embryo highly susceptible to teratogens.
[d] The lungs are producing surfactant.
Adequate maternal intake of folic acid before and during early pregnancy is crucial for preventing which type of congenital defect?
[a] Congenital heart defects.
[b] Cleft lip and palate.
[c] Neural tube defects.
[d] Gastrointestinal atresia.
A normal, full-term umbilical cord contains:
[a] One artery and one vein.
[b] Two arteries and two veins.
[c] One artery and two veins.
[d] Two arteries and one vein.
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of amniotic fluid?
[a] To cushion the fetus and umbilical cord.
[b] To maintain a constant body temperature for the fetus.
[c] To allow for freedom of movement and musculoskeletal development.
[d] To provide all of the fetus's nutritional needs.
The presence of which hormone in the maternal urine or blood is the basis for a positive pregnancy test?
[a] Estrogen.
[b] Progesterone.
[c] Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).
[d] Prolactin.
The fetal stage of development begins at which point?
[a] At the beginning of week 5.
[b] At the beginning of week 9.
[c] At the beginning of the second trimester.
[d] At the point of viability.
What is the primary function of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?
[a] To shunt blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.
[b] To shunt blood from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs.
[c] To shunt blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypassing the lungs.
[d] To carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
The mother's first perception of fetal movement, known as "quickening," typically occurs between:
[a] 8 and 12 weeks of gestation.
[b] 12 and 16 weeks of gestation.
[c] 16 and 20 weeks of gestation.
[d] 24 and 28 weeks of gestation.
The cheesy, white substance that protects the fetal skin from the amniotic fluid is called:
[a] Lanugo.
[b] Vernix caseosa.
[c] Surfactant.
[d] Meconium.
The point at which a fetus has a chance of surviving outside the uterus, typically considered to be around 22-24 weeks, is known as:
[a] Full term.
[b] The age of viability.
[c] The embryonic stage.
[d] Organogenesis.
The production of pulmonary surfactant is critical for:
[a] Fetal heart development.
[b] Allowing the fetus to swallow amniotic fluid.
[c] Preventing the alveoli from collapsing after birth.
[d] Facilitating gas exchange in the placenta.
In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus connects the:
[a] Right atrium and left atrium.
[b] Umbilical vein and inferior vena cava.
[c] Pulmonary artery and the aorta.
[d] Umbilical artery and the iliac artery.
The respiratory tract, liver, and pancreas develop from which germ layer?
[a] Ectoderm.
[b] Mesoderm.
[c] Endoderm.
[d] Chorion.
The placenta is fully formed and functional by which week of pregnancy?
[a] Week 4.
[b] Week 8.
[c] Week 12.
[d] Week 20.
A solid ball of 16 or more cells that is formed after fertilization is called a:
[a] Zygote.
[b] Morula.
[c] Blastocyst.
[d] Gamete.
The fetal shunt that allows most of the oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver is the:
[a] Foramen ovale.
[b] Ductus arteriosus.
[c] Ductus venosus.
[d] Hepatic portal vein.
Which of the following is a function of the placenta?
[a] To mix maternal and fetal blood directly.
[b] To facilitate gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between mother and fetus.
[c] To protect the fetus from all viruses and bacteria.
[d] To secrete amniotic fluid.
The fine, soft, downy hair that covers the body of a fetus from around 16 weeks is called:
[a] Vernix caseosa.
[b] Villi.
[c] Meconium.
[d] Lanugo.
A pregnancy is considered "full term" when it reaches:
[a] 34 completed weeks.
[b] 36 completed weeks.
[c] 39 completed weeks.
[d] 42 completed weeks.
The heart, muscles, bones, and blood vessels develop from which germ layer?
[a] Ectoderm.
[b] Mesoderm.
[c] Endoderm.
[d] Myoderm.
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