Preventive paediatrics and vital statistics
Administering the measles vaccine to a 9-month-old infant is an example of which level of prevention?
[a] Primary prevention
[b] Secondary prevention
[c] Tertiary prevention
[d] Primordial prevention
The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per:
[a] 1000 total population.
[b] 1000 live births.
[c] 100,000 live births.
[d] 1000 pregnant women.
According to WHO and UNICEF recommendations, for how long should an infant be exclusively breastfed?
[a] The first 3 months of life.
[b] The first 6 months of life.
[c] Until the infant is 1 year old.
[d] As long as the mother is able to produce milk.
The 'cold chain' is a critical system in immunization that refers to:
[a] The process of warming vaccines before administration.
[b] A list of contraindications for heat-sensitive vaccines.
[c] The system of storing and transporting vaccines at recommended low temperatures.
[d] The shivering response in infants after receiving a vaccine.
Which of the following vital statistics is considered the most sensitive indicator of the overall health status of a community?
[a] Crude Death Rate (CDR)
[b] Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
[c] Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
[d] Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Screening newborn babies for congenital hypothyroidism and Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an example of:
[a] Primary prevention.
[b] Secondary prevention.
[c] Tertiary prevention.
[d] Health promotion.
A nurse advises a pregnant woman to take folic acid supplements. This is done primarily to prevent which condition in the newborn?
[a] Congenital heart defects.
[b] Down's syndrome.
[c] Neural tube defects.
[d] Fetal alcohol syndrome.
The period from birth to 28 completed days of life is known as the:
[a] Perinatal period.
[b] Infancy period.
[c] Neonatal period.
[d] Post-natal period.
Which of the following is a live attenuated vaccine?
[a] Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV).
[b] Tetanus Toxoid (TT).
[c] Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR).
[d] Hepatitis B vaccine.
The Under-Five Mortality Rate measures the number of deaths among children:
[a] After their first birthday but before their fifth.
[b] Only during their fifth year of life.
[c] From birth up to their fifth birthday.
[d] In the first 28 days of life.
What is the primary purpose of using a growth chart for a child during health check-ups?
[a] To determine the child's final adult height.
[b] To monitor the child's growth pattern and identify deviations from the norm.
[c] To calculate the exact daily caloric needs of the child.
[d] To compare the child's weight with their parents' weight at the same age.
Antenatal care refers to the health care provided:
[a] During labor and delivery.
[b] To a woman during her pregnancy.
[c] In the first six weeks after childbirth.
[d] To the newborn immediately after birth.
Administering Vitamin K injection to a newborn is a preventive measure against:
[a] Jaundice.
[b] Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
[c] Hypothermia.
[d] Sepsis.
The term for the introduction of semi-solid foods to an infant's diet alongside breast milk or formula is:
[a] Gavage feeding.
[b] Gestation.
[c] Complementary feeding (Weaning).
[d] Exclusive feeding.
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for administering a live virus vaccine like MMR to a child?
[a] A mild cold or upper respiratory infection.
[b] A family history of allergies.
[c] Severe immunodeficiency (e.g., undergoing chemotherapy).
[d] A recent history of breastfeeding.
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is calculated using which denominator?
[a] Per 1,000 total population.
[b] Per 1,000 live births.
[c] Per 100,000 live births.
[d] Per 100,000 women of childbearing age.
Providing physiotherapy and speech therapy to a child with cerebral palsy is an example of which level of prevention?
[a] Primary prevention.
[b] Secondary prevention.
[c] Tertiary prevention.
[d] Specific protection.
The leading cause of mortality in children between 1 and 4 years of age in many developed countries is:
[a] Infectious diseases.
[b] Unintentional injuries (accidents).
[c] Congenital anomalies.
[d] Nutritional deficiencies.
Neonatal mortality is divided into early and late. Early neonatal mortality refers to deaths within:
[a] The first 24 hours of life.
[b] The first 7 days of life.
[c] The first 14 days of life.
[d] The entire first month of life.
Which vaccine is administered at birth as per the National Immunization Schedule in India?
[a] Measles and DPT.
[b] Rotavirus only.
[c] BCG, OPV-0, and Hepatitis B.
[d] Tetanus Toxoid (TT).
A key preventive strategy for dental caries in young children that a nurse should teach parents is:
[a] Giving a bottle of milk or juice at bedtime for comfort.
[b] Avoiding sugary drinks and cleaning the teeth/gums after feeding.
[c] Starting fluoride supplements from birth for all infants.
[d] Waiting until all primary teeth have erupted before starting to brush.
The post-neonatal period is defined as:
[a] The first week of life.
[b] The first 28 days of life.
[c] The period from 28 days of life up to the first birthday.
[d] The period from 1 year to 5 years of age.
The primary goal of "Well-Baby Clinics" or under-five clinics is:
[a] To treat acutely ill children.
[b] To provide emergency surgical services.
[c] To provide comprehensive preventive and promotive health care.
[d] To manage chronic diseases in children over five.
The Apgar score is a rapid assessment of a newborn's clinical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. It is a tool for:
[a] Determining the newborn's long-term intelligence.
[b] Diagnosing specific congenital anomalies.
[c] Assessing the need for immediate medical intervention.
[d] Predicting the infant's final birth weight.
Bitot's spots on the conjunctiva are a clinical sign of which nutritional deficiency?
[a] Vitamin C deficiency.
[b] Iron deficiency.
[c] Vitamin A deficiency.
[d] Vitamin D deficiency.
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