Epidemiology | Etiology | Classification | Pathophysiology | Mock Test | Staff Nurse | Guides Academy

Epidemeology, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, staging ,clinical features, diagnosis, treatment modalities of oncological conditions.

Time: 15:00

Cancers that originate from epithelial tissues, such as the lining of organs and skin, are classified as:

[a] Sarcomas.

[b] Carcinomas.

[c] Leukemias.

[d] Lymphomas.

In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) staging system for cancer, what does the finding "M1" signify?

[a] The primary tumor is very large.

[b] No regional lymph node involvement.

[c] The cancer has spread to distant sites (distant metastasis).

[d] The cancer is in situ (non-invasive).

The primary etiological agent responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases is a chronic infection with which virus?

[a] Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

[b] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).

[c] Hepatitis B virus (HBV).

[d] Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).

A patient receiving chemotherapy has a low neutrophil count (neutropenia). What is the nurse's highest priority intervention for this patient?

[a] Monitoring for signs of bleeding.

[b] Administering antiemetics.

[c] Encouraging a high-energy diet.

[d] Implementing strict infection control measures.

Which of the following is the definitive diagnostic procedure for confirming malignancy in a suspicious tumor?

[a] Computed Tomography (CT) scan.

[b] Measuring serum tumor markers.

[c] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

[d] Biopsy and histopathological examination.

A group of symptoms including unexplained fever, drenching night sweats, and significant weight loss, often associated with lymphoma, are collectively known as:

[a] Paraneoplastic syndrome.

[b] B symptoms.

[c] Tumor lysis syndrome.

[d] Carcinoid syndrome.

Chemotherapy administered *before* the primary treatment (like surgery) to shrink a tumor and improve outcomes is known as:

[a] Adjuvant therapy.

[b] Palliative therapy.

[c] Neoadjuvant therapy.

[d] Salvage therapy.

The pathophysiological process by which cancer cells create their own blood vessels to support their growth and spread is called:

[a] Apoptosis.

[b] Differentiation.

[c] Carcinogenesis.

[d] Angiogenesis.

The presence of the Philadelphia chromosome is a key diagnostic and prognostic marker for which type of leukemia?

[a] Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

[b] Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

[c] Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).

[d] Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

A patient undergoing radiation therapy to the neck region is most likely to experience which dose-limiting side effect?

[a] Diarrhea.

[b] Alopecia (hair loss on the head).

[c] Mucositis (inflammation of the mouth lining).

[d] Cystitis (bladder inflammation).

Which oncological emergency is characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperuricemia resulting from the rapid breakdown of malignant cells?

[a] Spinal cord compression.

[b] Superior vena cava syndrome.

[c] Tumor lysis syndrome.

[d] Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).

In the pathophysiology of cancer, what is the term for the process of a cancer cell breaking away from the primary tumor and spreading to a new location in the body?

[a] Invasion.

[b] Promotion.

[c] Metastasis.

[d] Initiation.

A male patient complains of difficulty starting urination, a weak stream, and nocturia. These clinical features are most commonly associated with early-stage:

[a] Bladder cancer.

[b] Testicular cancer.

[c] Renal cancer.

[d] Prostate cancer.

Immunotherapy, a modern cancer treatment modality, primarily works by:

[a] Directly killing cancer cells with cytotoxic chemicals.

[b] Using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cell DNA.

[c] Stimulating the patient's own immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.

[d] Blocking specific hormones that fuel cancer growth.

The most common etiology for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) worldwide is:

[a] High-fat diet.

[b] Chronic infection with Hepatitis B or C.

[c] Smoking.

[d] Exposure to asbestos.

A patient with lung cancer presents with facial edema, distended neck veins, and dyspnea. These are classic clinical features of which oncological emergency?

[a] Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

[b] Superior vena cava syndrome.

[c] Cardiac tamponade.

[d] Hypercalcemia.

Which of the following is an example of hormone therapy used in the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer?

[a] Paclitaxel.

[b] Trastuzumab (Herceptin).

[c] Tamoxifen.

[d] Cisplatin.

A key difference in the pathophysiology of leukemias versus lymphomas is that leukemias primarily involve malignant transformation of cells in the:

[a] Lymph nodes.

[b] Bone marrow and blood.

[c] Spleen.

[d] Thymus gland.

The Gleason score is a grading system used specifically to assess the aggressiveness of which type of cancer?

[a] Lung cancer.

[b] Breast cancer.

[c] Colorectal cancer.

[d] Prostate cancer.

A nurse is caring for a patient after a radical mastectomy. What is a crucial nursing intervention to prevent lymphedema in the affected arm?

[a] Keeping the arm in a dependent position below the heart.

[b] Avoiding blood pressure measurements and venipunctures in that arm.

[c] Applying warm compresses to the arm every 4 hours.

[d] Restricting all arm movements for the first 72 hours.

The most significant modifiable risk factor in the etiology of lung cancer is:

[a] Air pollution.

[b] Radon gas exposure.

[c] Family history.

[d] Cigarette smoking.

Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy where:

[a] A large, external machine delivers radiation beams to the tumor.

[b] A radioactive source is placed directly inside or next to the tumor.

[c] A radioactive substance is injected into the bloodstream.

[d] Radiation is used to create images for diagnosis.

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is a major etiological factor for which type of cancer?

[a] Colon cancer.

[b] Esophageal cancer.

[c] Gastric (stomach) cancer.

[d] Pancreatic cancer.

The clinical feature of a "pencil-thin" stool is a characteristic sign suggesting a possible mass in the:

[a] Ascending colon.

[b] Stomach.

[c] Small intestine.

[d] Rectosigmoid colon.

Tumor markers like CA 125, CEA, and PSA are most appropriately used for:

[a] Definitive diagnosis of a specific cancer.

[b] Screening the general population for cancer.

[c] Monitoring response to treatment and detecting recurrence.

[d] Determining the stage of the cancer.